Tehnologija je za ljude: Kako da izbjegnemo budućnost u obliku slova K
Ken Hu, zamjenik predsjednika kompanije Huawei
Technologies
COVID-19 produbljuje nepravdu unutar i izvan granica.
I kako se svijet sve više postaje online, neravnomjeran pristup tehnologiji
ostavlja za sobom veliki dio globalne populacije. Ako želimo da
izbjegnemo neravnomjeran socioekonomski oporavak i dublje podjele između ljudi,
industrija i nacija, tehnološke kompanije se ne mogu fokusirati samo na
inovacije - moramo se fokusirati na ljude, na uključivanje i na osnaživanje
pojedinaca i zajednica. U suprotnom, nejednakost će i dalje rasti.
Možete uočiti produbljivanje razlika u obrazovanju. Kad su se škole
zatvorile, učenje je prekinuto za više od 1,6 milijardi učenika širom svijeta. Neke zajednice su se brzo
priključile na mrežu i premostile jaz s digitalnim obrazovanjem, ali porodice
bez pristupa Internetu ili digitalnim uređajima kod kuće teško su pogođene -
kako u zemljama u razvoju, tako i u razvijenim ekonomijama. Primjera radi, u Velikoj Britaniji škole u nekim područjima navele su da
do 70% djece nema računare kod kuće. Slična otkrića
mogu se vidjeti u EU i SAD-u. U oktobru 2020. zastupnici u Europskom parlamentu
(MEP-ovi) velikom većinom glasali su za mjere za uklanjanje jaza u digitalnim
vještinama – prema istraživanje 32% učenika u nekim državama članicama nekoliko
mjeseci tokom 2020. godine bilo bez pristupa obrazovanju. 59% roditelja s nižim
prihodima koje je istraživalo Pew Research Center u aprilu 2020. otkrilo je da
bi se njihova djeca vjerovatno suočila s barem jednom od tri digitalne prepreke obrazovanjem na daljinu. Prekidi obrazovanja
mogu imati pogubne dugoročne posljedice kako na djecu danas, tako i na
nacionalne ekonomije u decenijama koje slijede.
Vidljivo je i da je među starijom populacijom podjela
sve veća. Mnogi su stariji građani prvi put prihvatili digitalne tehnologije
tokom pandemije, izlazeći iz svojih zona udobnosti kako bi kupovali na Amazonu
ili održavali kontakt sa svojim porodicama na Zoomu. Iako je ovo uzbudljiv
napredak, još uvijek je teško tvrditi da su starije demografske kategorije
spremne za svijet u kojem je digitalni život nova normala. Mnogi su ključni
aspekti digitalnog života i dalje nepristupačni - stvari poput e-plaćanja,
platforme za dostavu hrane i internetske zdravstvene zaštite, koje mogu
ublažiti izolaciju i povećati osnaživanje, ostaju izvan dosega. Ako stariji građani na primjer ne znaju kako dobiti zeleni zdravstveni
kod na svom pametnom telefonu u Kini, ne mogu se služiti javnim prevozom niti
ići u bolnicu. U Velikoj Britaniji više od polovine ljudi starijih od 75 godina
nikada nije koristilo Internet.
Možete vidjeti kako se problem u poslovanju
produbljuje. 2020. godine uništeno je mnoštvo kompanija i kultnih brendova. Iako
mnoge - ali ne sve - velike korporacije imaju finansije da prebrode pandemijsku
oluju, bezbrojna manja preduzeća nemaju. Mnogima nedostaje okretnosti,
infrastrukture, finansija ili znanja za brzo preusmjeravanje poslovanja na
online, pojačavanje e-trgovine, prelaz na posao od kuće ili automatizaciju
procesa. Ostali sektori koji pružaju usluge licem u lice, poput ugostiteljstva,
jednostavno nisu dizajnirani za prelazak na online model. Taj razoran učinak na mala i srednja preduzeća širom svijeta vjerovatno
će se nastaviti tokom 2021. godine, a globalno se očekuju porasti
nesolventnosti. U poređenju sa 2019. predviđa se porast stope bankrota za 57% u
Sjevernoj Americi, 34% u Srednjoj i Istočnoj Europi, 33% u Latinskoj Americi,
32% u Zapadnoj Europi i 31% u Aziji. Budući da 25 miliona malih i srednjih poduzeća čini 99% svih preduzeća u EU-u – generišući
više od polovine BDP-a EU-a i pružajući više od dvije trećine svih radnih
mjesta - potencijalni uticaj na globalnu ekonomiju ne može se olako shvatiti.
OECD izvještava da je uticaj COVID-19 na radna mjesta deset puta veći od onoga
što smo vidjeli tokom finansijske krize, što je zauzvrat stvorilo rastuću
socijalnu krizu. Gubitak posla najviše pogađa žene i slabo plaćene radnike, dok
se mladi suočavaju s mračnim izgledima za posao koji bi na njih mogli uticati u
godinama koje dolaze. Velikom dijelu radne snage
nedostaju digitalne vještine za brzi prelaz iz offline u online svijet rada,
čak i u najnaprednijim zemljama.
Budućnost u
obliku slova K?
Procjene Svjetske banke smatraju da će od COVID-19 oko 424 miliona ljudi biti u siromaštvu. Za razliku od prethodnih ciklusa recesije i
oporavka, ovaj sve veći jaz vjerovatno će rezultirati oporavkom u obliku slova
K gdje se različite grupe ljudi, industrije i različiti dijelovi ekonomije
oporavljaju različitim brzinama. Socijalno-ekonomsko restrukturiranje koje se
događa može ne samo proširiti nepravdu, već je učvrstiti polariziranjem
bogatstva unutar granica i među državama. I naravno da su pogođeni pojedinačni
životi - gubitak posla koji porodicu odvodi u siromaštvo, produžena izolacija i
nedostatak podrške starijim građanima koji rezultiraju depresijom a propušteno
školovanje koje utiče na budućnost djece.
Kako ići naprijed
Složenost i razmjere onoga što svijet prolazi nemaju jednostavan odgovor. Zbog toga moramo
sada krenuti na posao. Potreban nam je sistemski pristup koji okuplja vlade,
kompanije i ljude koji su najviše pogođeni. Ostaje na nama preduzmemo korake a moje je mišljenje
da je ključ u tehnologiji. Prvo i najvažnije, moramo povezati nepovezane: pola
svijeta još uvijek nema pristup Internetu, a to je jednostavno neodrživo u
digitalnijem svijetu. Drugo, moramo se boriti protiv nedostatka digitalnih
vještina u društvu. Ljudi se ne mogu osnažiti tehnologijom ako ne znaju da je
koriste. Treće, moramo se fokusirati na zajednice koje nemaju dovoljno usluga,
uključujući žene, djevojke i starije generacije. Širenje nejednakosti i
nedostatak uključivanja kočiće sve napore na stvaranju održivijeg ekonomije dok
se polako izvlačimo iz ove pandemije. Ako dobro planiramo i radimo fokusirano, tehnologija ima moć da zatvori
socioekonomske praznine. Nužno je da se prema tehnologiji odnosimo i da je
primjenjujemo kao sredstvo uključivanja, koje koristi i osnažuje ljude i
podstiče pravedniji, ravnomjerniji oporavak.
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